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Education Then and Now Sources

Sources for Education Then and Now-1800's

1. www.mass.gov
2. www.barackobama.com/issues/education/

Education Then and Now

Education in the 1800's

1800-First private school for blacks
After failing to move the legislature to extend public education to black children, Prince Hall invited black families to start a private school in his home. In 1808 the school moved to the African Meeting House on Beacon Hill.

1810 -School Districts Grow in Influence
School districts were supported with local taxes grow in independence from the theocratic control of state government.

1817 -1st School of Law
The creation of professional training programs such as Harvard Law School started to refocus higher education from its orientation toward literature and classic languages.

1821 -First Free High School
Boston English School provided instruction in no language other than English. Its curriculum emphasizes math, logic, science and history with the goal of professional preparation.

1825 -1st High School for Girls
Boston started the first high school for girls.

1825 -Amherst College
The Legislature chartered Amherst College in 1825, four years after Congregationalist Minister, Zephaniah Swift Moore began instruction of its first class. This further exemplifies the role played by religious institutions in promoting higher education.

1826 -Women Workers - Lowell Mill System
New England women from around 15 to 30 years old were recruited to live and work in towns created around factories. For many women it provided access to education and opportunities which rural life could not provide, but often at the price of working up to 14 hours, and sacrificing health, safety and personal liberty.

1827 -Education laws
Towns with more than 500 families were required to provide public English high schools, most of which in time came to replace their classical counterparts.

1829 -First School for the Blind in America
The Perkins School for the Blind, originally called the New England Asylum for the Blind, extended education to the disabled. It will be the home of Anne Sullivan and Helen Keller - one of history's most effective and memorable champions of the disabled.

1830 -Population explosion
Becase of immigration, the population of Boston grows from approx 61,000 in 1830 to 362,000 in 1880.

1832 -Anti-establishment law
Massachusetts became the final state to end the support of an endorsed state religion.

1837 -First permanent women's college
Mary Lyons established the Mount Holyoke Seminary for women. By this time there were already 120 colleges for men in the United States. By this time Harvard College was over 200 years old.

1837 -First Board of Education in US
During its first twelve years, Horace Mann forges a consensus which doubles state funding to education and teacher salaries. Fifty new high schools are built, along with formal teacher training programs and school district libraries.

1839 -First State School for Teachers
Three young women report to a school in Lexington where they are tested and admitted to the first "Normal School", a state operated teacher training program.

1843 -Holy Cross
Benedict Joseph Fenwick, the Bishop of Boston, and Father Thomas F. Mulledy, establish the Jesuit-led College of the Holy Cross in Worcester.

1847 -Maria Mitchell
On a clear autumn night in 1847, Maria Mitchell stands on her father's roof on Nantucket and discovers the star she is studying is an undiscovered comet. She is recognized as the first woman astronomer in America, and goes on to hold a professorship at Vassar from 1865 to 1888. She becomes the first woman to be admitted to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

1848 -First graded elementary
Boston's Quincy Grammar School, located at 90 Tyler St., is the first public school which separates students by grade.

1849 -Roberts v. City of Boston
Benjamin Roberts sues the City of Boston to allow his daughter to attend a school reserved for white children. Though well represented by Charles Sumner, the case fails, creating a legal basis for Plessy v. Ferguson, which in 1896 extends the "separate but equal" standard nationally.

1851 -Public Library Enabling Act
Rev. John Burt Wight of Wayland proposes legislation to allow towns to tax for the support of local libraries.

1852 -Tufts College
A charter is issued to the trustees of Tufts College, representing the first venture into higher education of the Universalist Church, which had founded more than a dozen academies by that date. Tufts is the 163rd institution of higher education chartered in the United States. Their charter prohibits a religious test for either faculty or students.

1852 -School Attendance Law
Massachusetts is the only state to require school attendance prior to the Civil War. It requires children between ages eight and fourteen to attend three months of school. Towns rarely enforced this rule, but it popularizes the norm of schooling.

1860 -1st English Language Kindergarten in US
After working with Bronson Alcott at his experimental Temple School, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody begins a kindergarten program in Boston.

1861 -Civil War (1861-1865)
The Civil War quickens the pace of technical innovation and creates a desire for social change seen over the next half century.

1863 -National Academy of Sciences.
President Lincoln establishes the National Academy of Sciences, in response to hundreds of inventions suggested by citizens to aid in the Union war effort.

1863 -University of Massachusetts Founded
Known as the Massachusetts Agricultural College, this Amherst program grows and later merges with the state normal schools to create a state-wide system of public universities, the University of Massachusetts.

1865 -Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The legislature incorporates MIT to be a society of arts, a science museum, and school of industrial science. It is granted land at Copley Square in Boston's Back Bay to build its first classrooms and museum.

1867 -US Department of Education
The original US Department of Education is created in 1867 to collect information on schools and teaching to help the States establish effective school systems.

1873 -School Year Extended, Enforced by Truant Officers
The school year in Massachusetts expands to twenty weeks per year. State truant officers are hired to enforce attendance, towns are required to comply.

1873 -Ellen Swallow Richards
She is the first woman admitted to MIT, and the first woman to earn a science degree in America. Denied a doctorate due to her gender, she goes on to found the study of ecology, and discover the metal vanadium. Then applying principles of D67chemistry and ecology to domestic life, she establishes the study of "home economics".

1875 -Quincy method
Thirty thousand teachers come to see the educational approach developed in Quincy Massachusetts by its Superintendent, Francis W. Parker. Core to his approach is that learning should be less structured and more meaningful to students.

1873 -Smith College
The bequest of Sophia Smith establishes Smith College. It is organized by her minister Reverend John M. Green as a non-denominational institution aimed elevating the lives of women in society.

1879 -Radcliffe College Opens
Radcliffe College has its beginnings in classes for women started by Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 51, widow of the late naturalist Louis Agassiz. The school will not be recognized by Harvard until 1894. The two combine operations in 1999.

1882 -Wellesley College
Henry Fowle Durant, a lawyer, who after the death of his son takes up the ministry and gains a charter to begin Wellesley College. He serves as the school's treasurer, believing that a women's college should be administered by women.

1892 -Pledge of Allegiance
In 1892, former clergyman Francis Bellamy authors the Pledge of Allegiance for a youth magazine published in Boston. In 1952 the phrase, "Under God," is added by a federal act.

1894 -First medical screening of students
Boston becomes the first city to introduce medical inspection in its public schools. In 1906 these health screenings are made compulsory.

1896 -Plessy v. Ferguson
Specifically referencing Roberts vs. City of Boston <1848>, the US Supreme Court establishes the doctrine of "separate but equal." This concept holds that racially segregated public facilities of equal quality do not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

1896 -Fannie Farmer
Raised in Medford, Fannie Farmer attends Boston Cooking School, becomes its Director, and transforms the cooking world by introducing the set of standard measurements still used by cooks today.

--Education Now--
Education today is very different from education in the 1800's. Today's schooling offers higher levels of education than education in the 1800's. Although schools today are in better condition than those in the 1800's, every year 700,000 high-school students drop out, while another 700,000 graduate unable to read. Many believe that there are problems with todays education and there need to be changes.

--Obamas Plan--


The Current Situation-
At this defining moment in our history, preparing our children to compete in the global economy is one of the most urgent challenges we face. We need to stop paying lip service to public education, and start holding communities, administrators, teachers, parents and students accountable. We will prepare the next generation for success in college and the workforce, ensuring that American children lead the world once again in creativity and achievement.

• The Solution-
  Improve K-12 schooling:
  We will recruit an army of new teachers and develop innovative ways to reward teachers who are doing a great job, and we will reform No Child Left Behind so that we are supporting schools that need improvement, rather than punishing them.
  
• Expand access to higher education:
  After graduating high school, all Americans should be prepared to attend at least one year of job training or higher education to better equip our workforce for the 21st century economy. We will continue to make higher education more affordable by expanding Pell Grants and initiating new tax credits to make sure any young person who works hard and desires a college education can access it.
  
• Make sure our children are prepared for kindergarten:
  One of the most critical times to influence learning in a child's life is the period before he or she reaches kindergarten. We will invest in early childhood education, by dramatically expanding Head Start and other programs to ensure that all of our young children are ready to enter kindergarten.

Land-Grant Colleges -- Education

Land-Grant Colleges or universities is an institution that has been designed by its state legislature or Congress to receive benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The 1862 Morrill Act gave states federal land that could be sold to raise money for education. The original mission of the institutions, was to teach agriculture, millitary tactics, mechanic arts, and classical studies, so that members of the working classes could obtain a liberal, practical education. Although few American colleges admitted women in 1865, the new Land-Grant Colleges did. By 1910 almost 40% of all American College students were women.